Njengoba isidingo se-urolithin A powder siqhubeka sikhula, kubalulekile ukuthi izinkampani zikhethe abakhiqizi abathembekile nabahloniphekile.I-Urolithin A iyinhlanganisela yemvelo etholakala ezithelweni ezithile namantongomane athole ukunakwa ngezinzuzo zayo zezempilo ezingaba khona, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye ne-antioxidant.Ngesithakazelo esikhulayo sezithako ze-urolithin A, kubalulekile ukucabangela izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile lapho ukhetha umkhiqizi we-urolithin A powder.Kubandakanya ikhwalithi, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, amakhono ocwaningo nentuthuko, ukuthobela imithetho, uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka kanye nesithunzi.Ngokubeka phambili lezi zici, izinkampani zingaqinisekisa ukuthi zisebenza nomkhiqizi ohloniphekile futhi onokwethenjelwa ngezidingo zabo ze-Urolithin A powder.
Amaseli anempilo ancike ku-mitochondria enempilo, futhi ukusebenza kwawo okuphelele kuletha izinzuzo zezempilo ezimangalisayo futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwenhliziyo, izinso, amehlo, ubuchopho, isikhumba kanye nemisipha.Njengamanje, isayensi yethu yomtholampilo igxile empilweni yemisipha ngoba amangqamuzana emisipha anemitochondria eminingi nempilo yesikhumba njengesitho esikhulu kunazo zonke emzimbeni wethu.
I-Mitochondria yimithombo yethu yamandla eselula, futhi izigidigidi zamangqamuzana akha izicubu zomzimba wethu zisebenza ngamandla eziwakhiqizayo.I-mitochondria yethu ivuselelwa njalo ukuze ikhiqize amandla futhi ihlangabezane nezidingo zamandla amakhulu emisipha, isikhumba, nezinye izicubu.Kodwa njengoba sikhula, inzuzo ye-mitochondrial iyehla, futhi i-mitochondria engasebenzi inqwabelana kumaseli, okubangela izinkinga ezinkulu.Ukwehla kwe-mitochondrial okuhlobene nobudala kuholela ekwehleni kancane kancane kwe-metabolism yethu, amazinga aphelele wamandla, ukunwebeka, impilo yesikhumba kanye nokusebenza kwemisipha.
I-Urolithin A ayitholakali ekudleni, noma kunjalo, ama-polyphenols awo angaphambili.Ama-polyphenols atholakala ngamanani amakhulu ezithelo nemifino eminingi.Uma idliwe, amanye ama-polyphenol amuncwa ngokuqondile emathunjini amancane, kuyilapho amanye wonakaliswa amagciwane okugaya abe kwezinye izinhlanganisela, ezinye zazo ezizuzisayo.Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezithile zamabhaktheriya amathumbu ziphula i-ellagic acid ne-ellagitannins zibe i-urolithins, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe impilo yabantu.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinzuzo zezempilo ze-urolithin A zisemandleni ayo okuvuselela i-mitophagy, inqubo yokukhipha i-mitochondria eyonakele kumaseli, ngaleyo ndlela ikhuthaze ukukhula nokugcinwa kwe-mitochondria enempilo, edlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuguga.indima ebalulekile.
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko i-urolithin A esebenzisa ngayo imiphumela yokulwa nokuguga iwukuthuthukisa i-mitophagy, inqubo lapho i-mitochondria eyonakele noma engasebenzi kahle isuswa futhi ithathelwe indawo yi-mitochondria enempilo.Njengoba sikhula, le nqubo iyancipha ukusebenza kahle, okuholela ekuqongeleleni kwe-mitochondria engasebenzi enomthelela ekwehleni okuhlobene nobudala ekusebenzeni kwamaselula.Ngokuthuthukisa i-mitophagy, i-urolithin A isiza ekugcineni impilo nokusebenza kwamaselula, ngaleyo ndlela ibe nomthelela omuhle ukuguga kukonke.
Ngaphezu kwendima yayo empilweni ye-mitochondrial, i-urolithin A iboniswe ukuthi inezindawo zokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye ne-antioxidant.Ukuvuvukala okungapheli kanye nengcindezi ye-oxidative yizici ezibalulekile zenqubo yokuguga, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezifo ezihlobene nobudala ezifana nesifo senhliziyo, izifo ze-neurodeergenerative, kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-metabolic.Ngokunciphisa ukuvuvukala nokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative, i-urolithin A ingasiza ekunciphiseni imiphumela yalezi zinqubo ekugugeni, ukukhuthaza impilo yonke nokuphila isikhathi eside.
Nakuba ucwaningo lwe-urolithin A luthembisa, isihloko sokulwa nokuguga kufanele sisondezwe ngombono olinganiselayo.Ukuguga kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ethonywa izici eziningi, okuhlanganisa ufuzo, indlela yokuphila kanye nokuchayeka kwemvelo.Alikho inhlamvu yomlingo engamisa noma ihlehlise ngokuphelele inqubo yokuguga.Kunalokho, indlela ephelele ehlanganisa ukukhetha kwendlela yokuphila enempilo, okuhlanganisa ukudla okulinganiselayo, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo, ukulawula ukucindezeleka, nokulala okwanele, kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ukuguga okunempilo.
I-Urolithin A iyi-metabolite ekhiqizwayoemathunjini ngokuguqulwa kwama-ellagitannins, ama-polyphenolic compounds atholakala ezithelweni ezithile namantongomane.I-Ellagitannins ayimuncwa ngokuqondile umzimba, kodwa ihlukaniswa ngamabhaktheriya amathumbu abe yi-urolithin, kuhlanganise ne-urolithin A. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekukhipheni izici ezikhuthaza impilo zalezi zinhlanganisela.
Imithombo yokudla emikhulu ye-ellagitannins ihlanganisa amahalananda, ama-strawberries, ama-raspberries, ama-alimondi, nama-walnuts.Lezi zithelo namantongomane anamazinga ahlukahlukene e-ellagitannins, futhi amahalananda anothe kakhulu kulezi zinhlanganisela.
1. Ipomegranati - Ipomegranate urolithin Ukuxhumana kwaziwa kahle.Isithelo esinombala we-ruby sine-EA ne-ET ephezulu, okwenza kube umthombo obalulekile we-urolithin A precursors.Ukwengeza igromegranate ingenye yemithombo engcono kakhulu yama-antioxidants.Amazinga abo aphakeme nakakhulu kunewayini elibomvu netiye elihlaza.Ukuphuza ihalananda njalo kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nengozi ephansi yezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, isifo senhliziyo ngisho nesifo samathambo.
2. Amasitrobheni - Ngokufanayo namapomegranati, ama-strawberry aphezulu ku-EA.Ngaphezu kokucebile kuma-polyphenols nama-antioxidants, ama-strawberries angumthombo omkhulu wevithamini C. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwama-strawberry kanye namazinga aphansi we-inflammation marker C-reactive protein, ebonisa imiphumela yayo enamandla yokulwa nokuvuvukala.
3. Ama-Walnuts - Ama-Walnuts aphezulu ohlwini oluningi lwe-superfood ngoba angumthombo ocebile we-anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids.Futhi zicebile ku-vitamin E, i-antioxidant enamandla.Ngaphezu kwalezi zinzuzo ezaziwayo, ama-walnuts acebile ngama-polyphenols, futhi ukudla okucebile nge-urolithin A izandulela kuphakathi kokudla kwethu okukhuthaza impilo.
4. Amajikijolo - Inkomishi eyodwa yama-raspberries iqukethe amagremu angu-8 efayibha, ehlanganisa u-32% we-fiber yakho yansuku zonke.Njengoba ngaphansi kuka-7.5% wamaMelika athola inani elinconyiwe le-fiber nsuku zonke, leli qiniso lilodwa lenza amajikijolo abe ukudla okuphezulu kakhulu.Bacebile kuma-antioxidants nama-polyphenols, okufakazela ngokwengeziwe izinzuzo zabo zezempilo.
5. Ama-alimondi - Kusukela kubisi lwe-alimondi kuya kufulawa we-alimondi nakho konke okuphakathi, lokhu kudla okuphezulu kutholakala cishe yonke indawo.Kunesizathu esihle salokhu.Ukudla ama-alimondi kuxhunyaniswe nempilo engcono yenhliziyo, umfutho wegazi ophansi, ukuphathwa kwesisindo, ukusebenza kwengqondo okuthuthukisiwe, ngisho nokuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwe-microbiome nokunotha.Ngaphezu kokuba umthombo omkhulu we-fiber, amafutha anempilo, i-calcium, nensimbi, acebile nama-polyphenols.
Lapho isetshenziswa le mithombo yokudla, i-ellagitannins ithola i-enzymatic hydrolysis emathunjini, okuholela ekukhululweni kwe-ellagic acid, ephinde isetshenziswe ama-microorganisms amathumbu ku-urolithin A.
I-gut microbiota, eyakhiwe ngezigidigidi zama-microorganisms, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuguquleni i-ellagitannins ibe i-urolithin A. Izinhlobo ezithile zebhaktheriya zikhonjwe njengababambiqhaza ababalulekile kule nqubo ye-metabolic.Lawa mabhaktheriya anama-enzyme adingekayo ukuze aphule ama-ellagitannins futhi awaguqule abe yi-urolithin A, engangena egazini futhi ibe nemiphumela enenzuzo empilweni yamaselula.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-mitochondria enempilo ibalulekile ekunikezeni okuqhubekayo kwamandla asekela impilo ngendlela ye-ATP.Ukuncipha kokusebenza kwe-mitochondrial ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubhekwa njengophawu lokuguga futhi kuhlotshaniswa nezifo ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene neminyaka yobudala, okuhlanganisa ukuncipha kwempilo yemisipha yamathambo, isifo se-metabolic, i-neurodegeneration, nokunciphisa umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwempilo ye-mitochondrial, imizimba yethu iye yakha indlela yokulawula ikhwalithi ye-mitochondrial ebizwa ngokuthi i-mitophagy.Phakathi nale nqubo, i-mitochondria endala, eyonakele iyonakala futhi igaywe kabusha ibe yi-mitochondria enempilo ekhiqiza amandla ngokuphumelelayo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amazinga e-mitophagy ayancipha ngokuya ngeminyaka, olunye uphawu lwebhayoloji lwenqubo yokuguga.
Urolithin Aisebenza ngokulawula le nqubo ebalulekile.I-Urolithin A ikhonjiswe ukuthi yenza kusebenze inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-mitophagy, okuyindlela yomzimba yokususa i-mitochondria eyonakele futhi ifake enempilo esikhundleni sayo.Lokhu, kungase kuthuthukise amazinga wamandla kanye nempilo yeselula iyonke.Ukwengeza, izifundo zezilwane (ngokuvamile kumagundane) zibonise ukuthi i-urolithin A ikhuthaza ukusebenza kahle kwe-mitochondrial, futhi izifundo zamuva nje zemitholampilo kubantu zibonise ukuthi ukwesekwa kungathuthukisa impilo ye-mitochondrial nokusebenza kwemisipha kubantu abadala.I-Urolithin A ibonakala ikhuthaza ukugaywa kabusha kwe-mitochondrial ngokuvula indlela eqala ngokudala ukuwohloka kwe-mitochondria endala bese ivuselela ukukhiqizwa kwe-mitochondria entsha, enempilo.
Ngaphezu kwemiphumela engaba khona ekusebenzeni kwe-mitochondrial, izakhiwo ezilwa nokuvuvukala kanye ne-antioxidant ye-urolithin A nazo ziye zafundwa.Ukuvuvukala okungapheli kanye nokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative yizici eziyisisekelo ezifweni eziningi ezihlobene neminyaka, ngakho ikhono le-urolithin A lokulwa nalezi zinqubo lingaba nemiphumela ejulile empilweni yonke nokuphila isikhathi eside.
Ukudla okuqukethe ama-polyphenols adingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe i-urolithin A kuyatholakala emithonjeni yokudla okuhlanganisa ama-walnuts, ama-strawberry, amapomegranati, nama-raspberries.Olunye ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi ingxenye encane kuphela yabantu abadala asebekhulile abangakhiqiza i-UA ngokuthembekile ekudleni kwabo okuvamile.
Kulabo abangase bangakwazi ukufinyelela ekudleni okucebile nge-urolithin A noma abafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi badla ngokuqhubekayo, kunezithako ze-urolithin A emakethe.Lezi zithako zenzelwe ukunikeza umthamo ogxilile we-urolithin A, okwenza kube lula ngawe ukuthi uhlanganise le nhlanganisela empilweni yakho yansuku zonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokudla, imikhiqizo ecebile nge-urolithin A isiyatholakala.Le mikhiqizo ingase ihlanganise iziphuzo, ukudla okulula, noma okunye ukudla okune-urolithin A engeziwe ukuze kube lula.
Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo nobumsulwa
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha umkhiqizi we-Urolithin A yikhwalithi nokuhlanzeka komkhiqizo.Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abakhiqizi balandela izinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula ikhwalithi futhi basebenzise izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisezingeni eliphezulu ukukhiqiza i-Urolithin A powder.Bheka abakhiqizi abanezitifiketi futhi abanamathela ezindinganisweni zomkhakha ukuze uqinisekise ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo namandla.
Amakhono e-R & D
Uma ukhetha umenzi we-urolithin A powder, kunenzuzo ukucabangela amakhono abo okucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa.Abakhiqizi abagcizelela kakhulu i-R&D kungenzeka bahlale bephambili ekusungulweni komkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi.Ukwengeza, abakhiqizi abatshala izimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni bazibophezele ekukhiqizeni i-urolithin A powder yekhwalithi ephezulu esekelwe ubufakazi besayensi.
Amandla okukhiqiza kanye nokulinganisa
Esinye isici esibalulekile okufanele sicatshangelwe amandla okukhiqiza kanye nokukala.Njengoba isidingo se-Urolithin A Powder siqhubeka sikhula, kubalulekile ukusebenzisana nomkhiqizi ongahlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zokukhiqiza.Hlola izindawo zokukhiqiza zomkhiqizi, okokusebenza kanye namakhono ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zebhizinisi lakho zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
Ukuthotshelwa Kwemithetho Nezitifiketi
Ukukhetha umkhiqizi we-urolithin powder ohlangabezana nezindinganiso zokulawula futhi ophethe izitifiketi ezifanele kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokuba semthethweni komkhiqizo.Bheka abakhiqizi abanamathela ku-Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) futhi bagunyazwe ama-ejensi alawulayo ahloniphekile.Ukuhambisana nezidingo zokulawula kubonisa ukuzibophezela komkhiqizi ekukhiqizeni i-Urolithin A powder ehlangabezana namazinga emboni.
Ukuba sobala kwe-Supply chain nokulandeleka
Ukungafihli nokulandeleka ngaphakathi kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka kuyizinto ezibalulekile lapho kukhethwa umkhiqizi wempushana we-Urolithin A.Kubalulekile ukusebenzisana nomkhiqizi onganikeza ukubonakala ekutholeni impahla eluhlaza, ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza kanye nezinyathelo zokulawula ikhwalithi.Iketanga lokuhlinzeka elisobala liqinisekisa ukuthi i-Urolithin A powder ikhiqizwa ngendlela yokuziphatha kanye namazinga aphezulu kakhulu.
Ukwesekwa kwamakhasimende nokuxhumana
Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nokwesekwa kwamakhasimende okuthembekile kubalulekile lapho usebenza nomkhiqizi we-Urolithin A Powder.Bheka abakhiqizi ababeka phambili ukuxhumana okucacile, okuvulekile, ukuphendula imibuzo, nokuzibophezela ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zamakhasimende.Abakhiqizi abazisa ubudlelwano obuqinile bamakhasimende kungenzeka ukuthi banikeze ulwazi oluhle lokusebenzisana.
Idumela kanye nerekhodi lomkhondo
Okokugcina, cabangela isithunzi kanye nerekhodi lomkhiqizi we-urolithin A powder.Cwaninga umlando wabo, ukubuyekezwa kwamakhasimende, nesithunzi semboni ukuze uhlole ukwethembeka nokwethembeka kwabo.Abakhiqizi abanomlando oqinisekisiwe wokuletha i-Urolithin A powder kanye nokugcina ubudlelwano obuqinile bamakhasimende kungenzeka babe ozakwethu abathembekile.
Njengoba isidingo se-Urolithin A siqhubeka nokwanda,kubalulekile ukuthola umkhiqizi ohloniphekile ongahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu, ethembekile.Nazi ezinye izinyathelo ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele lapho ufuna umenzi we-Urolithin A powder:
1. Ucwaningo olunzulu: Okokuqala, yenza ucwaningo olunzulu kubakhiqizi be-urolithin A powder.Bheka inkampani enegama eliqinile embonini kanye nomlando wokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu.Hlola ukubuyekezwa kwamakhasimende, ubufakazi, nanoma yiziphi izitifiketi noma izincomo umkhiqizi angaba nazo.
2. Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi: Uma uthenga i-urolithin A powder, ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kufanele kunikezwe kuqala.Bheka abakhiqizi abanamathela ezinyathelweni eziqinile zokulawula ikhwalithi futhi abanezitifiketi ezifana Nemikhuba Emihle Yokukhiqiza (GMP) noma isitifiketi se-ISO.Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-Urolithin A powder ikhiqizwa endaweni elawulwayo futhi elawulwayo kuya kumazinga aphezulu kakhulu.
3. Ukungafihli kanye nokuxhumana: Khetha umkhiqizi owazisa ukubeka izinto obala nokuxhumana ngokukhululekile.Abakhiqizi abathembekile kufanele bazimisele ukunikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nezinqubo zabo zokukhiqiza, ukutholakala kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola ikhwalithi.Kufanele futhi baphendule kunoma yimiphi imibuzo noma okukukhathazayo ngemikhiqizo yabo.
4. Ukuhlolwa nokuhlaziywa komkhiqizo: Ngaphambi kokuphothula umkhiqizi, buza mayelana nezinqubo zokuhlola nokuhlaziya umkhiqizo wabo.Abakhiqizi abahloniphekile bazohlola ngokuphelele i-urolithin A powder yabo ukuze baqinisekise ukuhlanzeka, amandla, nokuphepha.Cela Isitifiketi Sokuhlaziya (i-COA) noma umbiko wokuhlolwa waselabhorethri wenkampani yangaphandle ukuze uqinisekise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wakho.
5. Ukuthobela imithethonqubo: Qinisekisa ukuthi abakhiqizi bempushana be-urolithin A bathobela yonke imithetho neziqondiso ezifanele.Lokhu kuhlanganisa izidingo zokulawula zokukhiqiza, ukulebula kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezithako zokudla noma ama-nutraceuticals.Abakhiqizi abathembekile bazobeka phambili ukuthobelana nama-ejensi alawulayo afana ne-FDA noma amanye ama-ejensi afanelekile.
6. Intengo kanye ne-MOQ: Cabangela intengo kanye nenani elincane le-oda (MOQ) elinikezwe umenzi.Nakuba izindleko ziyisici esibalulekile, akufanele kube ukuphela kwesici esinqumayo ekukhetheni umenzi.Ibhalansi yezindleko nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo nokuthembeka ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uthola inani elingcono kakhulu lemali oyitshalile.
I-Suzhou Myland Pharm ibambe iqhaza ebhizinisini lezithasiselo zokudla okunomsoco kusukela ngo-1992. Yinkampani yokuqala e-China ukuthuthukisa nokudayisa imbewu yamagilebhisi.
Njengoba inesipiliyoni seminyaka engu-30 futhi iqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye namasu e-R&D athuthukiswe kakhulu, inkampani ithuthukise uhla lwemikhiqizo encintisanayo futhi yaba isithasiselo sesayensi yempilo emisha, ukuhlanganisa ngokwezifiso kanye nenkampani yezinkonzo zokukhiqiza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSuzhou Myland Pharm iphinde ibe ngumkhiqizi obhalisiwe we-FDA.Izinsiza ze-R&D zenkampani, izikhungo zokukhiqiza, namathuluzi okuhlaziya kungokwesimanjemanje futhi kunemisebenzi eminingi, futhi ingakhiqiza amakhemikhali ukusuka kumamiligremu ukuya kumathani esikalini, futhi ihambisane namazinga e-ISO 9001 kanye nemininingwane yokukhiqiza ye-GMP.
Q: Yiziphi izici ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha abakhiqizi be-Urolithin A powder?
A: Lapho ukhetha abakhiqizi bempushana be-Urolithin A, cabangela izici ezifana nesithunzi senkampani, ukubambelela kumazinga ekhwalithi, izitifiketi, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ukutholakala kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, nokuzibophezela ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni.
Q: Ngingalihlola kanjani idumela lomkhiqizi we-Urolithin A powder?
A: Hlola idumela lomkhiqizi wempushana we-Urolithin A ngokubukeza ubufakazi bamakhasimende, uhlole izitifiketi zemboni, futhi uhlole irekhodi labo lokuhlinzeka ngempushana ye-Urolithin A yekhwalithi ephezulu, ephephile futhi ethobelayo kwamanye amabhizinisi.
Q: Yiziphi izitifiketi noma izindinganiso zekhwalithi okufanele ngizibheke kumkhiqizi we-Urolithin A powder?
A: Bheka abakhiqizi abanamathela ku-Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), abanezitifiketi zokuhlanzeka namandla, futhi balandele imihlahlandlela yokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwe-Urolithin A powder.Ukwengeza, izitifiketi ezihlobene nokutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokusimama nakho kungase kubaluleke.
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Lesi sihloko esolwazi oluvamile kuphela futhi akufanele sithathwe njengeseluleko sezokwelapha.Olunye ulwazi lokuthunyelwe kwebhulogi luvela ku-inthanethi futhi alusebenzi.Le webhusayithi inomthwalo wemfanelo kuphela wokuhlunga, ukufometha kanye nokuhlela ama-athikili.Injongo yokudlulisa ulwazi olwengeziwe ayisho ukuthi uyavumelana nemibono yayo noma uqinisekise ubuqiniso bokuqukethwe kwayo.Hlala uthintana nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izithasiselo noma wenze izinguquko ohlelweni lwakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-26-2024
