Emkhakheni we-biochemistry kanye nemithi, i-Spermine (i-polyamine), njenge-biomolecule ebalulekile, ithole ukunakwa okubanzi ngenxa yendima yayo ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwamangqamuzana, ukwanda kanye nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba ucwaningo lwezempilo, ukuguga nokusebenza kwamaselula luqhubeka nokuthuthuka, isidingo seSpermine siyaqhubeka nokwanda. Kodwa-ke, kunabakhiqizi abaningi be-Spermine emakethe, futhi indlela yokuthola umenzi we-Spermine onokwethenjelwa uye waba umsebenzi obalulekile kubacwaningi namabhizinisi. Uma ufuna umenzi we-Spermine onokwethenjelwa, kubalulekile ukukhetha umphakeli ohlonishwayo.Suzhou Mylandisibe yisinqumo sokuqala sabacwaningi besayensi abaningi kanye namabhizinisi anemikhiqizo yayo ehlanzekile, ukusekelwa kochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kanye namanani ancintisanayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wenza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezicelo, i-Suzhou Mailun Biotechnology ingakunikeza i-Spermine yekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze ikusize ocwaningweni lwakho lwesayensi nohambo lokusungula. Uma ukhetha i-Suzhou Myland, ngeke uthole imikhiqizo kuphela, kodwa futhi nomlingani othembekile.
I-spermine ihlukaniswa njenge-polyamine, iqembu lezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezibonakala ngokuba khona kwamaqembu amaningi e-amine. I-Polyamines, kuhlanganise ne-purescine, i-spermidine, ne-spermine, ibalulekile ekukhuleni kweseli nokusebenza. Babandakanyeka ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zebhayoloji njengokwanda kwamaseli, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye ne-apoptosis. Ngokuqondile, i-spermine iwumkhiqizo wokuguqulwa kwe-enzymatic kwe-spermidine, enye i-polyamine.
I-Spermine iyi-polyamine equkethe amaqembu amabili e-amino namaqembu amabili e-imino, anomsebenzi obalulekile wokugqugquzela ukwanda kwamangqamuzana. I-Spermine, njengenhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo edlala indima ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo, incazelo kanye nezici zayo ziyisihloko esibalulekile emkhakheni we-biology kanye ne-chemistry.
Le nto ayihlukile kuphela ngesakhiwo, iqukethe amaqembu amaningi e-amino nama-imino, kodwa futhi idlala umsebenzi obalulekile wokuphila kwezinto eziphilayo. I-Spermine iyi-crystalline eqinile engenambala.
Incibilika kalula emanzini emazingeni okushisa avamile, futhi uma ihlangene, yenza isisombululo esinezici ze-alkaline. Ngamakhemikhali, isidoda sikhipha ama-nitrogen oxide anobuthi lapho sishiswa, okudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile lapho siphatha futhi sigcina isidoda.
Ku-vivo, indlela yokwenziwa kwe-spermine ihilela inqubo yokuguqula i-enzymatic eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwe-purescine (inhlanganisela elula ye-diamine) ne-S-adenosylmethionine. Le nqubo ihilela ukusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-biochemical, okubonisa ukuhlukahluka nokubaluleka kwama-enzyme ezintweni eziphilayo.
I-Spermine ne-spermidine zitholakala ndawonye kumabhaktheriya namangqamuzana amaningi ezilwane, futhi zombili ziyizinto ezibalulekile enqubweni yokwanda kwamaseli. Omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko yebhayoloji yesidoda ukukhuthaza ukwanda kwamangqamuzana. I-Spermine idlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli nokukhula, ikakhulukazi ekuzinzeni kwe-DNA kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni.
Ingase futhi ibonise izakhiwo ze-polycationic ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acidic, ezivumela i-spermine ukuthi ibophe ku-DNA, i-RNA namanye ama-molecule, ngaleyo ndlela ithinte umsebenzi nokwakheka kwamaseli.
Ngokombono wesakhiwo, isidoda singathathwa njengokunye okuphuma kokunye okuphuma kokuphuma ku-amino acid. Isakhiwo sayo esisekelwe ku-tetraamine esiyinkimbinkimbi siyinikeza umsebenzi oyingqayizivele webhayoloji kanye nemisebenzi yokulawula umzimba.
Ekuhlukaniseni kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, i-spermine, i-purescine, i-spermidine, njll. ndawonye bakha umndeni wama-polyamine atholakala kakhulu ezintweni eziphilayo. Lawa ma-molecule adlala indima ekulawuleni ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukulawula umjikelezo weseli, nokubamba iqhaza ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zokubonisa amaseli. indima ebalulekile.
Ngakho-ke, i-spermine ayiyona nje i-molecule elula ye-organic, kodwa futhi iyingxenye eyinhloko endleleni yokulawula yokuphila kahle. Ucwaningo lwayo lubandakanya imikhakha eminingi ehlukahlukene efana nebhayoloji yamangqamuzana, izakhi zofuzo, kanye nesayensi yezokwelapha.
Iyini i-autophagy?
I-Autophagy iyindlela ebalulekile ngaphakathi kwamaseli egcina imisebenzi evamile yamaseli ngokululaza nokuvuselela amaprotheni nama-organelles alimele. I-Autophagy ingasusa izinto eziyingozi kumaseli, isize amangqamuzana asinde ebunzimeni, akhuthaze impilo yamangqamuzana futhi andise isikhathi sokuphila.
Indima ye-autophagy ekulweni nokuguga
Susa udoti wamaselula: Njengoba sikhula, inani elikhulu lamaprotheni alimele kanye nama-organelles aqoqana kumaseli. Lezi zinto eziyingozi zingathinta ukusebenza kwamangqamuzana futhi ziholele ekugugeni nasekuguleni. I-Autophagy ingathunaza lezi mfucumfucu, igcine impilo yamaseli, futhi ibambezele inqubo yokuguga.
Gcina impilo ye-mitochondrial: I-Mitochondria yizimboni zamandla zamangqamuzana, futhi ukwehla komsebenzi wawo kungenye yezimbangela ezibalulekile zokuguga. I-Autophagy ibambezela ukuguga kwamaselula ngokukhetha ngokukhetha i-mitochondria eyonakele, ukugcina ukusebenza kwe-mitochondrial, nokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo eziyingozi zomoya-mpilo (ROS).
Thuthukisa ukusinda kwamaseli: I-Autophagy inganikeza ukwesekwa kwamandla ukusiza amaseli ukuthi aphile lapho imisoco isholeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-autophagy iphinde ikhuthaze ukuzivuselela kwamangqamuzana e-stem nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu, kugcina isimo sobusha somzimba.
I-Spermine: i-inducer yemvelo ye-autophagy
I-spermine iyinhlanganisela ye-polyamine ngokwemvelo etholakala kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhuthaza ngokuphawulekayo ukuzinza. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukwesekwa kwe-spermine exogenous kungandisa isikhathi sokuphila ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa imvubelo, i-nematodes, izimpukane zezithelo, namagundane.
Thuthukisa ukutholakala kwe-autophagy: I-Spermine yenza i-autophagy ngokuvimbela i-acetyltransferase (efana ne-EP300), ngaleyo ndlela isuse izinto eziyingozi kumaseli futhi ivimbele izifo ezihlobene nokuguga.
I-Anti-inflammatory kanye ne-antioxidant: I-Spermine inezindawo zokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye ne-antioxidant, ithuthukisa umsebenzi we-metabolic we-mitochondria, ikhuthaze i-protein homeostasis, futhi ivikele impilo yamaselula.
Thuthukisa umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba: I-Spermine ingashukumisa ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana enkumbulo T, ivimbele ukuguga kwamasosha omzimba, futhi ithuthukise ukumelana nezifo zomzimba.
okutholakele ocwaningweni
Ukuphila okunwetshiwe: Isengezo se-spermine sangaphandle singanweba kakhulu isikhathi sokuphila sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, ukuphakela amagundane isidoda kwandisa isikhathi sawo sokuphila futhi kwabonisa imiphumela yenhliziyo kanye ne-neuroprotective.
I-Anticancer kanye nokuvikelwa kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: I-Spermine ithuthukisa ukubhekwa kwe-anticancer immune system kanye nemiphumela ye-cardioprotective ngokwenza i-autophagy. Emagundaneni, le miphumela iyalahleka lapho i-autophagy ivinjelwa.
Yehlisa ukuvuvukala futhi ithuthukise ukuzivikela komzimba: Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-spermine inganciphisa izimpendulo zokuvuvukala futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwamasosha omzimba ngokugqugquzela ukwakheka kwamaseli e-memory T.
Njengendlela ebalulekile yokuvikela yamaseli, i-autophagy idlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokulwa nokuguga. I-Spermine, njenge-inducer yemvelo ye-autophagy, inemiphumela ebalulekile ekubambezeleni ukuguga nokuvimbela izifo ezihlobene ngokukhuthaza i-autophagy, anti-inflammatory kanye ne-antioxidant. Ukwandisa ukungenisa kwe-spermine ngokudla noma ukwesekwa kungaba isu eliphumelelayo lokukhuthaza ukuguga okunempilo.
1. Impilo Yengqamuzana Nokukhula
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-spermine indima yayo ekukhuthazeni impilo yamangqamuzana nokukhula. I-spermine ibalulekile ekwandeni kwamangqamuzana nokuhlukaniswa futhi ibalulekile ekulungiseni nasekuvuseleleni izicubu. Iqinisa ukwakheka kwe-DNA ne-RNA futhi iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwamaselula. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu esimweni sokuphulukiswa kwesilonda kanye nokubuyiselwa kokulimala, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ngokushesha kuyadingeka.
Ukwengeza, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi i-spermine ivikela amangqamuzana ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative, okungaholela ekulimaleni kwamangqamuzana nokuguga. Ngokunciphisa ama-radicals mahhala, i-spermine isiza ukugcina ubuqotho beselula nokusebenza, okunomthelela empilweni yonke nokuphila isikhathi eside.
2. Izakhiwo zokulwa nokuguga
Njengoba sikhula, imizimba yethu iba nezinguquko ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namazinga anciphile e-polyamines njenge-spermine. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi isidoda singase sibe nezindawo zokulwa nokuguga, okwenza kube isengezo esibalulekile ekunakekelweni kwesikhumba kanye nemikhiqizo yokuphila kahle. Ikhono layo lokukhuthaza ukukhula nokulungisa amangqamuzana angasiza ekulweni nezimpawu zokuguga ezibonakalayo, njengemibimbi nesikhumba esiwohlokayo.
Ukwengeza, izakhiwo ze-antioxidant ze-spermine zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni ukucindezelwa kwe-oxidative, okunomthelela obalulekile enqubweni yokuguga. Ngokufaka i-spermine ohlelweni lwakho lokunakekelwa kwesikhumba, awuthuthukisi nje kuphela ukubukeka kwesikhumba sakho, kodwa futhi usekela impilo yaso ezingeni lamaselula.
3. Ukwesekwa kwamasosha omzimba
Amasosha omzimba aqinile abalulekile empilweni yonke, futhi i-spermine ingase ibambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-spermine ingakwazi ukulinganisa impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba futhi isize umzimba uvikeleke kangcono ekuthelelekeni nasezifweni. Kuye kwaboniswa ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana omzimba omzimba, njengama-lymphocyte, abalulekile ekulweni namagciwane.
Ukwengeza, izakhiwo ze-spermine ezilwa nokuvuvukala zingasiza ekunciphiseni ukuvuvukala okungapheli, okuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene zezempilo, kuhlanganise nezifo ezizimele kanye nezifo ezingapheli. Ngokusekela impilo yokuzivikela komzimba, isidoda singasiza ukuqinisa ikhono lomzimba lokulwa nezifo.
4. Umphumela we-Neuroprotective
Ubuchopho bungesinye sezitho eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu, futhi ukusigcina sinempilo kubalulekile. I-Spermine ithole ukunakwa ngemiphumela yayo ye-neuroprotective, engasiza ekuvimbeleni izifo ze-neurodeergenerative. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi isidoda singavikela ama-neurons emonakalweni obangelwa ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative nokuvuvukala, kokubili okuxhumene nezifo ezifana nesifo i-Alzheimer's kanye ne-Parkinson.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-spermine idlala indima ekuhanjisweni kwemizwa, okuthinta ukukhululwa kwama-neurotransmitters, abalulekile ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa. Ngokusekela impilo nokusebenza kwe-neuronal, i-spermine ingasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwengqondo futhi inciphise ingozi yezifo ze-neurodeergenerative.
Ngokuphathelene nezimboni zesicelo esingaphansi komfula, i-spermine inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo. Okokuqala, i-spermine iyindawo ebalulekile emaphakathi emkhakheni wezokwelapha futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu emithini elwa nomdlavuza kanye nezidakamizwa zenhliziyo. Ukusebenza kahle kwayo, ukuphepha kanye nokuzinza kuthanda kakhulu imboni yezokwenziwa kwemithi.
Okwesibili, i-spermine iyisisetshenziswa esivamile se-anionic esinamandla emulsification, ukungena kanye nokuqeda ukungcola. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yamakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane, imicu, ukucubungula amaminerali, i-electroplating neminye imikhakha, ikakhulukazi kwezimonyo, umuthi wokuxubha, i-shampoo neminye imikhiqizo. idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-spermine ingasetshenziswa futhi njengendawo ephakathi yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus, ikhulise ukusetshenziswa kwayo embonini yezibulala-zinambuzane. Okokugcina, i-spermine, njengento ebalulekile ekhuthaza ukwanda kwamangqamuzana, ibuye isetshenziswe emkhakheni wezolimo. Ingathuthukisa ukumuncwa kanye nokusebenzisa kahle imisoco ngezitshalo, ikhulise isivuno kanye nekhwalithi.
Njengoba i-biotechnology, impilo yezokwelapha, kanye nezimakethe zokunakekelwa komuntu siqu ziqhubeka nokwanda, amathemba okusetshenziswa kwe-spermine njengesithako esiyinhloko anethemba elikhulu. Ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezokwelapha, amandla ayo ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa ezilwa nesimila, ukwelashwa kwamangqamuzana kanye nokwelashwa kwezifo zofuzo kuheha inani elikhulu lokutshalwa kwezimali kocwaningo lwesayensi nemisebenzi emisha, okubonisa ukuthi kungase kube amandla abalulekile okuqhuba ukukhula kwemboni. ikusasa.
Ngasikhathi sinye, i-spermine isetshenziswa ngokwandayo njengesithako esisebenzayo sokuthambisa kanye nesithako sokulungisa isikhumba embonini yezimonyo, ikhombisa ukuthanda okukhulayo kwabathengi ngemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba yemvelo nesebenza ngempumelelo, ukushayela isidingo sesidoda emakethe yomkhiqizo wobuhle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, emkhakheni wezolimo, naphezu kwesidingo esincishisiwe ezimakethe zendabuko ezifana ne-acephate, ukuhlolwa kwe-spermine njengomgqugquzeli omusha wokukhula kwezitshalo ohambisana nemvelo kulindeleke ukuthi kuvule indlela entsha yezicelo zezolimo eziluhlaza futhi kuphendule isidingo somhlaba wonke ezolimo ezisimeme. izixazululo zidingeka ngokushesha.
Ngokombono wokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe, inqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo yobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwesidoda kanye nokwenza ngcono ukulawulwa kwezindleko kuzothuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nokuncintisana komkhiqizo, futhi kulethe indawo yokuthuthukiswa ebanzi embonini. Ngokuhambisana nokwesekwa kwezinga lenqubomgomo kanye neziqondiso ezivamile ze-biotechnology kanye nezolimo eziluhlaza, kwakhiwe indawo enhle yangaphandle ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yemboni yesidoda.
Emkhakheni we-biochemistry kanye nemithi, i-Spermine (i-polyamine), njenge-biomolecule ebalulekile, ithole ukunakwa okubanzi ngenxa yendima yayo ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwamangqamuzana, ukwanda kanye nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba ucwaningo lwezempilo, ukuguga nokusebenza kwamaselula luqhubeka nokuthuthuka, isidingo seSpermine siyaqhubeka nokwanda. Kodwa-ke, kunabakhiqizi abaningi be-Spermine emakethe, futhi indlela yokuthola umenzi we-Spermine onokwethenjelwa uye waba umsebenzi obalulekile kubacwaningi namabhizinisi.
Phakathi kwabakhiqizi abaningi be-Spermine, i-Suzhou Myland igqama ngekhwalithi yayo yomkhiqizo omuhle kakhulu kanye nezinsizakalo zochwepheshe. I-Spermine ehlinzekwa yi-Suzhou Myland ine-Inombolo ye-CAS ye-71-44-3 kanye nobumsulwa obungaphezu kwama-98%.Lo mkhiqizo onobumsulwa obuphezulu awugcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa futhi uhlola ikhwalithi eqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iqoqo ngalinye lemikhiqizo lingahlangabezana nezidingo zocwaningo lwesayensi kanye nezicelo zezimboni.
1. Ukuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi
ISuzhou Myland yazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo iyisisekelo sokusinda nokuthuthuka kwebhizinisi. Le nkampani inemishini yokukhiqiza ethuthukisiwe kanye nesistimu yokuphatha ikhwalithi eqinile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imikhiqizo ye-Spermine ihlolwa futhi iqinisekiswe ngokuqinile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuthengwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa noma zonke izici zenqubo yokukhiqiza, iSuzhou Myland ilwela ukuzuza ubuhle ukuze iqinisekise ubumsulwa obuphezulu kanye nezinga eliphezulu lemikhiqizo yayo.
2. Ukusekelwa kochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe
Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka nge-Spermine yekhwalithi ephezulu, i-Suzhou Myland iphinde inikeze amakhasimende ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, izimo zokulondoloza, noma idizayini yokuhlola ehlobene, ithimba lezobuchwepheshe lenkampani linganikeza amakhasimende umhlahlandlela onemininingwane neziphakamiso. Le sevisi ecabangelayo ayigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende, kodwa futhi ithuthukisa ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende emkhiqizweni.
3. Intengo yokuncintisana
Ngokwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, iSuzhou Myland nayo izibophezele ekunikezeni amakhasimende amanani ancintisanayo. Ngokuthuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nokuphathwa kwe-supply chain, inkampani ikwazi ukwehlisa ngempumelelo izindleko, ngaleyo ndlela idlulisele amanani athengekayo emuva kumakhasimende. Lokhu kwenza izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo lwesayensi kanye namabhizinisi ukuthi zithole i-Spermine esezingeni eliphakeme ngamanani aphusile futhi kukhuthaze inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo oluhlobene.
Indlela yokuthenga
Uma ufuna umenzi weSpermine onokwethenjelwa, iSuzhou Myland ngokungangabazeki iyisinqumo esithembekile. Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe ngewebhusayithi esemthethweni yenkampani noma uthinte ithimba labadayisi ngokuqondile. Noma ngabe kuyizidingo zokuhlolwa kwezinga elincane noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni ezinkulu, i-Suzhou Myland inganikeza izixazululo eziguquguqukayo ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zamakhasimende.
Umbuzo: Iyini i-spermine, futhi itholakala kuphi?
A: I-Spermine iyinhlanganisela ye-polyamine eyenzeka ngokwemvelo etholakala kuwo wonke amaseli aphilayo. Itholakala ngokuyinhloko ekugxilweni okuphezulu ezicutshini ezifana nobuchopho, isibindi, ne-prostate. I-Spermine ihileleke ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nokukhula kwamangqamuzana, ukuhlukaniswa, nokuqiniswa kwe-DNA.
Umbuzo: I-spermine ingafakwa kanjani ekudleni kwami?
A:Spermine ingatholakala ekudleni okuhlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ku:
● Imikhiqizo evutshiwe (njengoshizi nesoso yesoya)
●Inyama ethile (njengenkukhu nenyama yenkomo)
●Inhlanzi
●Onke okusanhlamvu
●Izidudla
Ukwengeza, izithako ze-spermine ziyatholakala kulabo abafuna ukwandisa ukudla kwabo.
Q:Ingabe isidoda singayizuzisa impilo yesikhumba?
A:Yebo, isidoda saziwa ngezinzuzo zezempilo zesikhumba. Kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukunwebeka kwesikhumba, kunciphise ukubukeka kwemigqa emihle nemibimbi, futhi kukhuthaze ukugeleza kwesikhumba jikelele. Izakhiwo zayo ze-antioxidant zisiza futhi ukuvikela isikhumba ekulimaleni kwemvelo, okuyenza ibe isithako esidumile emikhiqizweni ye-skincare.
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Lesi sihloko esolwazi oluvamile kuphela futhi akufanele sithathwe njengeseluleko sezokwelapha. Olunye ulwazi lokuthunyelwe kwebhulogi luvela ku-inthanethi futhi alusebenzi. Le webhusayithi inomthwalo wemfanelo kuphela wokuhlunga, ukufometha kanye nokuhlela ama-athikili. Injongo yokudlulisa ulwazi olwengeziwe ayisho ukuthi uyavumelana nemibono yayo noma uqinisekise ubuqiniso bokuqukethwe kwayo. Hlala uthintana nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izithasiselo noma wenze izinguquko ohlelweni lwakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-18-2024
