I-NAD+ ibizwa nangokuthi i-coenzyme, futhi igama layo eliphelele yi-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Iyi-coenzyme ebalulekile emjikelezweni we-tricarboxylic acid. Ikhuthaza ukwakheka kukashukela, amafutha, nama-amino acid, ihlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwamandla, futhi ihlanganyela ezinkulungwaneni zezenzo kuwo wonke amaseli. Inani elikhulu ledatha yokuhlola libonisa ukuthi i-NAD+ ihileleke kakhulu emisebenzini ehlukahlukene eyisisekelo yomzimba emzimbeni, ngaleyo ndlela ingenelela emisebenzini ebalulekile yamaseli njengokwakheka kwamandla, ukulungiswa kwe-DNA, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuvuvukala, izigqi zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokumelana nokucindezeleka.
Ngokusho kocwaningo olufanele, izinga le-NAD+ emzimbeni womuntu lizokwehla njengoba iminyaka ikhula. Ukwehla kwamazinga e-NAD+ kungaholela ekuwohlokeni kwezinzwa, ukulahlekelwa umbono, ukukhuluphala, ukwehla kokusebenza kwenhliziyo kanye nokunye ukwehla kokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokwandisa izinga le-NAD+ emzimbeni womuntu ibilokhu ingumbuzo. Isihloko socwaningo esishisayo emphakathini wezokwelapha.
Ngoba, njengoba sikhula, I-DNA Umonakalo uyanda. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokulungisa i-DNA, isidingo se-PARP1 siyanda, umsebenzi we-SIRT unqunyelwe, ukusetshenziswa kwe-NAD+ kuyakhula, futhi inani le-NAD+ liyehla ngokwemvelo.
Umzimba wethu wakhiwe ngamaseli angaba yizigidigidi ezingu-37. Amaseli kumele aqedele "umsebenzi" omningi noma ukusabela kwamaseli - ukuze azigcine. Iseli ngalinye lamaseli akho angu-37 trillion lithembele ku-NAD+ ukuze lenze umsebenzi walo oqhubekayo.
Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni likhula, izifo ezihlobene nokuguga njengesifo i-Alzheimer's, isifo senhliziyo, izinkinga zamalunga, ubuthongo, nezinkinga zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi sezibe yizifo ezibalulekile ezisongela impilo yabantu.
I-NAD+ amazinga ancipha ngokuguga, ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni ezivela kumasampula esikhumba somuntu:
Imiphumela yokulinganisa ikhombisa ukuthi njengoba iminyaka ikhula, i-NAD+ emzimbeni womuntu izoncipha kancane kancane. Ngakho-ke yini ebangela ukwehla kwe-NAD+?
Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokwehla kwe-NAD+ yilezi: ukuguga kanye nokwanda kwesidingo se-NAD+, okuholela ekwehleni kwamazinga e-NAD+ ezicutshini eziningi, kufaka phakathi isibindi, imisipha yamathambo, kanye nobuchopho. Ngenxa yokuncipha, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-mitochondrial, ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kanye nokuvuvukala kucatshangwa ukuthi kunegalelo ezinkingeni zempilo ezihlobene nokuguga, okudala umjikelezo omubi.
1. I-NAD+ isebenza njenge-coenzyme ku-mitochondria ukukhuthaza ibhalansi ye-metabolic, i-NAD+ idlala indima esebenzayo kakhulu ezinqubweni ze-metabolic ezifana ne-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-TCA (owaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo we-Krebs noma umjikelezo we-citric acid) kanye nochungechunge lwezokuthutha lwama-electron, yindlela amaseli athola ngayo amandla. Ukuguga nokudla okunama-calories amaningi kunciphisa amazinga e-NAD+ emzimbeni.
Izifundo zibonise ukuthi kumagundane amadala, ukuthatha izithasiselo ze-NAD+ kunciphisa ukukhuluphala okuhlobene nokudla noma ukuguga kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla okuzivocavoca. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo zize zaguqula imiphumela yesifo sikashukela kumagundane abesifazane, zikhombisa amasu amasha okulwa nezifo ze-metabolic ezifana nokukhuluphala ngokweqile.
I-NAD+ ibopha kuma-enzyme futhi idlulise ama-electron phakathi kwama-molecule. Ama-electron ayisisekelo samandla eselula. I-NAD+ isebenza kumaseli njengokuphinda ishaje ibhethri. Uma ama-electron esephelile, ibhethri liyafa. Emaseli, i-NAD+ ingakhuthaza ukudluliselwa kwama-electron futhi inikeze amandla kumaseli. Ngale ndlela, i-NAD+ inganciphisa noma yandise umsebenzi wama-enzyme, ikhuthaze ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokusabalalisa amaseli.
I-NAD+ isiza ukulawula umonakalo we-DNA
Njengoba izinto eziphilayo ziguga, izici ezimbi zemvelo ezifana nemisebe, ukungcola, kanye nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA okungaqondile kungalimaza i-DNA. Lena ingenye yemibono yokuguga. Cishe wonke amaseli aqukethe "imishini yama-molecule" yokulungisa lo monakalo.
Lokhu kulungiswa kudinga i-NAD+ namandla, ngakho-ke umonakalo omkhulu we-DNA udla izinsizakusebenza zamaseli ezibalulekile. Umsebenzi we-PARP, iphrotheni ebalulekile yokulungisa i-DNA, uncike naku-NAD+. Ukuguga okuvamile kubangela ukuthi umonakalo we-DNA uqoqeke emzimbeni, i-RARP iyanda, ngakho-ke amazinga e-NAD+ ayancipha. Umonakalo we-DNA ye-Mitochondrial kunoma yisiphi isinyathelo uzokwandisa lokhu kuncipha.
2. I-NAD+ ithinta umsebenzi wama-gene okuphila isikhathi eside i-Sirtuins futhi ivimbela ukuguga.
Ama-gene asanda kutholakala ama-sirtuin okuphila isikhathi eside, aziwa nangokuthi "abagcini bezakhi zofuzo," adlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni impilo yamaseli. Ama-Sirtuin awumndeni wama-enzyme ahilelekile ekuphenduleni ukucindezeleka kwamaseli kanye nokulungisa umonakalo. Aphinde ahileleke ekukhiqizweni kwe-insulin, inqubo yokuguga, kanye nezimo zempilo ezihlobene nokuguga njengezifo eziwohlokayo zemizwa nesifo sikashukela.
I-NAD+ inguphethiloli osiza ama-sirtuin ukuthi agcine ubuqotho be-genome futhi akhuthaze ukulungiswa kwe-DNA. Njengoba nje imoto ingenakuphila ngaphandle kukaphethiloli, ama-Sirtuin adinga i-NAD+ ukuze isebenze. Imiphumela evela ezifundweni zezilwane ikhombisa ukuthi ukwanda kwamazinga e-NAD+ emzimbeni kuvuselela amaprotheni e-sirtuin futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila emvubelo nasemagundwini.
3. Umsebenzi wenhliziyo
Ukuphakamisa amazinga e-NAD+ kuvikela inhliziyo futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwenhliziyo. Umfutho wegazi ophezulu ungabangela ukwandiswa kwenhliziyo kanye nokuvaleka kwemithambo yegazi, okungaholela ekushayweni yisifo sohlangothi. Ngemva kokugcwalisa kabusha izinga le-NAD+ enhliziyweni ngezithako ze-NAD+, umonakalo enhliziyweni obangelwa ukuphinda kufakwe igazi uyavinjelwa. Ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi izithako ze-NAD+ zivikela namagundane ekukhuleni kwenhliziyo okungavamile.
4. Ukuwohloka kwemizwa
Kumagundane anesifo i-Alzheimer's, ukwandisa amazinga e-NAD+ kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwengqondo ngokunciphisa ukunqwabelana kwamaprotheni aphazamisa ukuxhumana kobuchopho. Ukuphakamisa amazinga e-NAD+ kuvikela namaseli obuchopho ekufeni lapho kungekho igazi elanele eligeleza ebuchosheni. Kubonakala sengathi i-NAD+ inesithembiso esisha sokuvikela ekuwohlokeni kwezinzwa nokuthuthukisa inkumbulo.
5. Isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela
Njengoba siguga, amasosha ethu omzimba ayawohloka futhi sisengozini enkulu yokugula. Ucwaningo lwamuva lubonisa ukuthi amazinga e-NAD+ adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni izimpendulo zamasosha omzimba kanye nokuvuvukala kanye nokusinda kwamaseli ngesikhathi sokuguga. Ucwaningo luqokomisa amandla okwelapha e-NAD+ ekungasebenzi kahle kwamasosha omzimba.
6. Lawula imetabolism
Ukulwa nomonakalo we-oxidative
I-NAD+ ingasiza ekubambezeleni ukuguga ngokuvimbela ukusabela kokuvuvukala, ukulawula i-homeostasis yomzimba ye-redox, ukuvikela amaseli ekulimaleni, nokugcina imisebenzi evamile ye-metabolic
7. Kusiza ekucindezeleni izimila
I-NAD+ ingavimbela futhi yelaphe i-leukopenia ebangelwa ukwelashwa ngemisebe kanye ne-chemotherapy, ithuthukise ukumelana nemithi okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwama-antibodies e-PD-1/PD-L1, futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwamaseli e-T kanye nekhono lokubulala isimila.
8. Thuthukisa ukusebenza kwesibeletho
Izinga le-NAD+ kuma-ovary abesifazane liyancipha ngendlela encike eminyakeni yobudala. Ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-NAD+ kungenzaukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-mitochondrial yesibeletho,ukunciphisa amazinga ezinhlobo ze-oxygen ezisabelayo kuma-oocyte asebekhulile, kanye nokulibazisa ukuguga kwama-ovari.
9. Thuthukisa ikhwalithi yokulala
I-NAD+ ingathuthukisa ukungalingani kwesigqi se-circadian, ithuthukise ikhwalithi yokulala, futhi ikhuthaze ukulala ngokulawula iwashi lebhayoloji.
Izitho ezahlukene zomzimba azikho ngokuzimela. Ukuxhumana nokusebenzisana phakathi kwazo kusondelene kakhulu kunalokho esikucabangayo. Izinto ezikhishwa yiseli zingathuthwa ziye kunoma iyiphi indawo emzimbeni ngokushesha; ulwazi lwe-neurotransmitter ludluliselwa ngokushesha njengombani. Isikhumba sethu, njengesivikelo somzimba wonke, singumugqa ongaphambili wempi futhi sisengozini enkulu yokulimala okuhlukahlukene. Uma lokhu kulimala kungenakulungiseka, kuzolandela izinkinga ezahlukahlukene njengokuguga.
Okokuqala, inqubo yokuguga kwesikhumba ihambisana nochungechunge lwezinguquko emazingeni eseli kanye nama-molecule, ezingadluliselwa kwezinye izicubu noma izitho zomzimba ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Isibonelo, ukuvama kwamaseli ane-p16 (uphawu lokuguga) esikhumbeni kuhlobene kahle nezimpawu zokuguga kwamaseli omzimba, okusho ukuthi iminyaka yesikhumba yemvelo ingabikezela ukuguga komzimba ngezinga elithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi i-skin microbiota ingabikezela ngokunembile iminyaka yokulandelana kwezikhathi, okuqinisekisa ngokwengeziwe ukuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwesikhumba nokuguga okuhlelekile.
Izincwadi zangaphambilini zibike ukuthi inqubo yokuguga phakathi kwezitho ezahlukahlukene emzimbeni ayihambisani, futhi isikhumba singaba yisitho sokuqala ukukhombisa izimpawu zokuguga. Ngokusekelwe ekuxhumekeni okuseduze phakathi kokuguga kwesikhumba nezinye izitho zomzimba, abantu banesizathu sokusola ngesibindi ukuthi ukuguga kwesikhumba kungabangela ukuguga komzimba wonke.
Ukuguga kwesikhumba kungathinta ubuchopho ngohlelo lwe-endocrine
Ukuguga kwesikhumba kungathinta umzimba wonke nge-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA). Isikhumba asiyona nje isithiyo, siphinde sibe nemisebenzi ye-neuroendocrine futhi singasabela ezicini zemvelo futhi sikhiphe ama-hormone, ama-neuropeptide nezinye izinto.
Isibonelo, ukushiswa kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet kungabangela amangqamuzana esikhumba ukuthi akhiphe ama-hormone ahlukahlukene kanye nezindlela zokuvuvukala, njenge-cortisol nama-cytokine. Lezi zinto zingavuselela uhlelo lwe-HPA esikhumbeni. Ukusebenza kwe-axis ye-HPA kubangela ukuthi i-hypothalamus ikhiphe i-corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Lokhu kuvuselela i-anterior pituitary gland ukuthi ikhiphe i-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ekugcineni okushukumisela ama-adrenal glands ukuthi akhiphe ama-hormone okucindezeleka njenge-cortisol. I-Cortisol ingathinta izindawo eziningi zobuchopho, kufaka phakathi i-hippocampus. Ukuchayeka kwe-cortisol okungapheli noma okweqile kungathinta kabi ukusebenza kwe-neuronal kanye ne-plasticity ku-hippocampus. Lokhu kuphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-hippocampus kanye nempendulo yokucindezeleka yobuchopho.
Lokhu kuxhumana phakathi kwesikhumba nobuchopho kufakazela ukuthi inqubo yokuguga ingabangelwa yizici zemvelo, eziqala ngokubangela ukusabela kwesikhumba bese zithinta ubuchopho nge-axis ye-HPA, okuholela ezinkingeni zesistimu ezifana nokwehla kwengqondo kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yesifo senhliziyo.
Amaseli esikhumba akhula ngokushesha akhipha i-SASP futhi abangele ukuvuvukala ukuze kuqhutshwe ukuguga nezifo ezihlobene nokuguga
Ukuguga kwesikhumba kungathinta nomzimba wonke ngokukhuthaza ukuvuvukala kanye nokuguga kwamasosha omzimba. Amangqamuzana esikhumba aguga akhipha into ebizwa ngokuthi "i-senescence-associated secretory phenotype" (SASP), ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-cytokines kanye nama-matrix metalloproteinase. I-SASP iyakwazi ukushintshashintsha ngokwezinto eziphilayo. Ingamelana nezimo zangaphandle eziyingozi kumaseli avamile. Kodwa-ke, njengoba imisebenzi yomzimba incipha, ukukhishwa okukhulu kwe-SASP kungadala ukuvuvukala emzimbeni futhi kubangele ukungasebenzi kahle kwamaseli angomakhelwane, kufaka phakathi amangqamuzana omzimba kanye namaseli e-endothelial. Lesi simo sokuvuvukala esiphansi kucatshangwa ukuthi siyimbangela ebalulekile yezifo eziningi ezihlobene nokuguga.
Ama-coenzyme ahlanganyela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezibalulekile njengoshukela, amafutha, kanye namaprotheni emzimbeni womuntu, futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zomzimba kanye namandla kanye nokugcina imisebenzi evamile yomzimba.I-NAD iyi-coenzyme ebaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu, ebizwa nangokuthi i-coenzyme I. Ihlanganyela ezinkulungwaneni zezimpendulo ze-redox enzyme emzimbeni womuntu. Iyinto ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-metabolism yawo wonke amaseli. Inemisebenzi eminingi, imisebenzi eyinhloko yile:
1. Khuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla emvelo
I-NAD+ ikhiqiza i-ATP ngokuphefumula kwamaseli, inezela ngqo amandla amaseli futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwamaseli;
2. Ukulungisa izakhi zofuzo
I-NAD+ iyona kuphela i-substrate ye-enzyme yokulungisa i-DNA i-PARP. Lolu hlobo lwe-enzyme luhlanganyela ekulungisweni kwe-DNA, lusiza ekulungiseni i-DNA namaseli alimele, lunciphisa amathuba okuguquka kweseli, futhi luvimbele ukwenzeka komdlavuza;
3. Yenza kusebenze wonke amaprotheni okuphila isikhathi eside
I-NAD+ ingasebenza wonke amaprotheni angu-7 okuphila isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke i-NAD+ inomthelela obaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nokuguga kanye nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila;
4. Qinisa amasosha omzimba
I-NAD+ iqinisa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela futhi ithuthukisa ukuzivikela kwamangqamuzana ngokuthinta ngokukhetha ukusinda kanye nokusebenza kwamaseli e-T alawulayo.
Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ukuguga kuhambisana nokwehla okuqhubekayo kwamazinga e-NAD+ ezicutshini kanye nawamangqamuzana ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziyisibonelo, okuhlanganisa amagundane nabantu. Ukwehla kwamazinga e-NAD+ kuhlotshaniswa nezifo eziningi ezihlotshaniswa nokuguga, okuhlanganisa ukwehla kwengqondo, umdlavuza, isifo se-metabolic, i-sarcopenia, kanye nobuthakathaka.
Akukho ukutholakala okungapheli kwe-NAD+ emzimbeni wethu. Okuqukethwe kanye nomsebenzi we-NAD+ emzimbeni womuntu kuzoncipha njengoba iminyaka ikhula, futhi kuzoncipha ngokushesha ngemva kweminyaka engama-30, okuholela ekugugeni kwamaseli, ukuphelelwa amandla kanye nokulahlekelwa ikhono lokuvuselela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncishiswa kwe-NAD+ kuzophinde kubangele uchungechunge lwezinkinga zempilo, ngakho-ke uma i-NAD+ ingenakukwazi ukugcwaliswa ngesikhathi, imiphumela ingacatshangwa.
Isengezo esivela ekudleni
Ukudla okufana neklabishi, i-broccoli, i-avocado, i-steak, amakhowe, kanye ne-edamame kuqukethe izandulela ze-NAD+, ezingaguqulwa zibe yi-NAD* esebenzayo emzimbeni ngemva kokumuncwa.
Nciphisa ukudla nama-calories
Ukuncishiswa kwama-calories okumaphakathi kungasebenza ezindleleni zokuzwa amandla ngaphakathi kwamaseli futhi kwandise ngokungaqondile amazinga e-NAD*. Kodwa qiniseka ukuthi udla ukudla okulinganiselayo ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zomzimba wakho zokudla okunempilo
Qhubeka uhamba futhi uzivocavoca
Ukuzivocavoca okulinganiselwe kwe-aerobic njengokugijima nokubhukuda kungakhuphula amazinga e-NAD+ angaphakathi kwamangqamuzana, kusize ekwandiseni ukuhlinzekwa komoya-mpilo emzimbeni futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla.
Landela imikhuba yokulala enempilo
Ngesikhathi sokulala, umzimba womuntu wenza izinqubo eziningi ezibalulekile ze-metabolic kanye nokulungisa, okuhlanganisa ukwenziwa kwe-NAD*. Ukulala ngokwanele kusiza ukugcina amazinga ajwayelekile e-NAD*
05 Izinto ezingeziwe ze-NAD+ precursor
Abantu abalandelayo abakwazi ukuthola ukwelashwa
Abantu abangasebenzi kahle kwezinso, labo abathola i-dialysis, iziguli ezine-epilepsy, abesifazane abakhulelwe, abesifazane abancelisayo, izingane, labo abelashwa umdlavuza njengamanje, labo abathatha imithi, kanye nalabo abanomlando wokungezwani komzimba, sicela uxhumane nodokotela wakho ozokulapha.
U: Zisetshenziselwa ini izithasiselo ze-NAD+?
Isengezo se-NAD+ siyisengezo sokudla esinezela i-coenzyme NAD+ (i-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). I-NAD+ idlala indima ebalulekile ekugayweni kwamandla kanye nokulungiswa kwamaseli ngaphakathi kwamaseli.
U: Ingabe izithasiselo ze-NAD+ ziyasebenza ngempela?
A: Ucwaningo oluthile lusikisela ukuthi izithasiselo ze-NAD+ zingasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kwamandla eseli futhi zinciphise inqubo yokuguga.
U: Yiziphi izindlela zokudla ze-NAD+?
A: Imithombo yokudla ye-NAD+ ifaka phakathi inyama, inhlanzi, imikhiqizo yobisi, ubhontshisi, amantongomane nemifino. Lokhu kudla kuqukethe i-niacinamide ne-niacin eningi, engaguqulwa ibe yi-NAD+ emzimbeni.
U: Ngingayikhetha kanjani i-NAD+ supplement?
A: Uma ukhetha izithasiselo ze-NAD+, kunconywa ukuthi uqale ufune iseluleko kudokotela noma kuchwepheshe wezokudla ukuze uqonde izidingo zakho zokudla okunempilo kanye nesimo sakho sempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, khetha uhlobo lomkhiqizo olunedumela elihle, hlola izithako zomkhiqizo kanye nomthamo, bese ulandela isiqondiso somthamo esifakweni somkhiqizo.
Isixwayiso: Lesi sihloko senzelwe ulwazi olujwayelekile kuphela futhi akufanele sithathwe njenganoma yisiphi iseluleko sezokwelapha. Olunye ulwazi lweposi lebhulogi luvela kwi-inthanethi futhi alulona ochwepheshe. Le webhusayithi inesibopho sokuhlunga, ukufometha nokuhlela izihloko kuphela. Inhloso yokudlulisa ulwazi olwengeziwe akusho ukuthi uyavumelana nemibono yayo noma uqinisekisa ubuqiniso bokuqukethwe kwayo. Njalo xhumana nochwepheshe wezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izithasiselo noma ukwenza izinguquko ohlelweni lwakho lokunakekelwa kwempilo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-06-2024
